{"id":7911,"date":"2025-06-13T07:26:14","date_gmt":"2025-06-13T07:26:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/explore\/\/"},"modified":"2025-06-24T12:42:02","modified_gmt":"2025-06-24T12:42:02","slug":"turkiye-military-industrial-guide","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/explore\/turkiye-military-industrial-guide\/","title":{"rendered":"Understanding T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s Military Industrial Complex: A Practical Guide for Foreign Stakeholders"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>1. Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s defence industry has undergone transformative growth in the last two decades. Once largely dependent on foreign procurement, the country now produces advanced military technologies, ranging from drones to naval platforms, and has positioned itself as a strategic hub for regional defence manufacturing. This shift is underpinned by policy reforms, national security imperatives, and international alignment\u2014especially with NATO and multilateral export control regimes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For foreign entities exploring entry into T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s aerospace and defence (A&amp;D) market, this case study offers a structured, legally grounded, and practical guide to operating within this ecosystem. It reflects the interplay between defence industrialization priorities, export control compliance, project security rules, and the state&#8217;s strategic objectives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Whether entering through joint ventures, offset mechanisms, or direct investment, foreign players must navigate a robust regulatory environment governed by Law No. 5201 on the supervision of defence manufacturers, Law No. 5202 on defence industry security, and the Defence Industry Agency\u2019s (SSB) industrialization and security protocols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This article dissects the strategic landscape, regulatory bodies, licensing and investment constraints, offset requirements, and step-by-step compliance for manufacturing in T\u00fcrkiye\u2014especially in the sensitive domains of ammunition and short-range missile systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>2. Strategic Importance of T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s Defence Sector<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2.1 Geopolitical Positioning<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s geographical location confers unmatched geostrategic value in defence and security affairs. Bridging Europe and Asia, the country commands access to key maritime chokepoints (the Bosphorus and Dardanelles), borders critical conflict zones (e.g., Syria, Iraq, and the South Caucasus), and serves as a buffer between NATO and regions of instability such as the Middle East and North Africa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This positioning directly influences T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s defence procurement policies and production capabilities. The Defence Industry Agency (SSB) actively promotes self-sufficiency to reduce vulnerabilities in foreign-sourced defence systems\u2014particularly in light of shifting alliances and sanctions risks. The geopolitical imperative reinforces investments in national platforms, including UAVs, missile systems, and naval warfare technologies, and encourages technology localization under stringent export control conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>2.2 NATO Membership Influence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As a founding member of NATO since 1952, T\u00fcrkiye is contractually bound to align with NATO-wide operational, technical, and security standards. This alignment deeply influences both acquisition strategies and defence industrial development:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>All defence production and R&amp;D activities must be compliant with NATO Allied Quality Assurance Publications (AQAP), which are integrated into procurement criteria by the SSB.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Security classification and personnel clearances for defence facilities follow NATO security principles, as implemented through Law No. 5202 and the MSY 317-2(C) Defence Industry Security Directive.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>T\u00fcrkiye&#8217;s offset programs and joint ventures with foreign firms often stipulate that end-products maintain interoperability with NATO systems, impacting design, software standards, and supply chain origin tracking.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Furthermore, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s active participation in NATO\u2019s industrial forums facilitates access to R&amp;D cooperation, military standardization working groups, and cybersecurity coordination mechanisms, strengthening its integration into transatlantic security supply chains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>3. Key Players in the Industry<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3.1 Mill\u00ee Savunma Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (MSB) \u2013 Ministry of National Defence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Ministry of National Defence (MSB) is the supreme authority defining T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s military procurement needs. It formulates strategic requirements based on long-term national defence planning and transmits these to the Defence Industry Agency (SSB) for execution. MSB also holds jurisdiction over classified defence data, facility clearances, and project-level security certifications.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All foreign entities wishing to participate in defence manufacturing must comply with MSB\u2019s security protocols. This includes acquiring <strong>Tesis G\u00fcvenlik Belgesi (Facility Security Clearance)<\/strong> and <strong>\u015eah\u0131s G\u00fcvenlik Belgesi (Personnel Security Clearance)<\/strong>, especially for classified production programs governed by the Strategic Objective Plan (SHP) framework.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>MSB&#8217;s Technical Services Directorate (Tek.Hiz. ARGE ve Teknoloji Dairesi) manages engagements for projects listed in SHP and ensures that only secure and authorized firms receive project-level intelligence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3.2 ASELSAN, TUSA\u015e (TAI), ROKETSAN<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>These three state-backed enterprises form the industrial core of T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s defence capabilities:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ASELSAN<\/strong><br>Founded in 1975, ASELSAN is a leader in military electronics, including radar systems, communications, electronic warfare, and electro-optics. It is a key supplier for Turkish Armed Forces and exports globally under compliance with export control regulations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>TUSA\u015e (TAI)<\/strong><br>Turkish Aerospace Industries specializes in the development and production of fixed and rotary-wing platforms, UAVs, and space systems. TUSA\u015e is responsible for major national projects such as the H\u00dcRJET jet trainer and the KAAN fifth-generation fighter aircraft. Foreign participation in these programs is strictly subject to project-specific SSB and MSB approval.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>ROKETSAN<\/strong><br>As T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s flagship missile and rocket manufacturer, ROKETSAN develops tactical and strategic missile systems, including guided munitions, launch platforms, and propulsion systems. Any foreign partnership with ROKETSAN\u2014whether in co-production or licensing\u2014must comply with <strong>MTCR (Missile Technology Control Regime)<\/strong> constraints and obtain clearance from the SSB, TAREKS, and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>3.3 BMC, Otokar, Roketsan Joint Ventures<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s defence ecosystem includes dynamic private sector participants, often integrated with the state ecosystem via joint ventures:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>BMC<\/strong><br>BMC manufactures armored vehicles, logistics trucks, and high-mobility tactical platforms. The company also participates in the ALTAY tank project, with international supply chain partners. Licensing and technology transfer in such programs require Ministry of National Defence review due to strategic platform sensitivity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Otokar<\/strong><br>Known for its land vehicle platforms and riot control vehicles, Otokar plays a major role in supplying both domestic and foreign militaries. Otokar\u2019s participation in NATO-compliant projects makes it a suitable JV partner for foreign firms seeking Tier-2 localization pathways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Joint Ventures with ROKETSAN<\/strong><br>Several foreign companies have engaged in licensed production or co-development agreements with ROKETSAN, especially in the domains of guidance systems, seekers, and propellants. These agreements are subject to MTCR Category II control items (e.g., propulsion systems, structural composites, flight control electronics) as per the 2023 and 2024 MTCR Annex revisions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>4. Regulatory Bodies &amp; Compliance Framework<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4.1 Savunma Sanayii Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 (SSB) \u2013 Defence Industry Agency<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Defence Industry Agency (SSB)<\/strong> functions as the central regulatory and executive authority for defence industrial projects in T\u00fcrkiye. Established under Law No. 5202 and operating under the Presidency, SSB is responsible for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Project authorization and licensing of defence-related activities;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Overseeing <strong>offset obligations<\/strong>, including technology transfer and local industrial participation;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Approving <strong>foreign direct investment (FDI)<\/strong> into the defence sector;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Granting production permits under Law No. 5201 and verifying compliance with the <strong>Kontrole T\u00e2bi Liste (KTL).<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Foreign firms seeking to manufacture or collaborate in T\u00fcrkiye must obtain SSB\u2019s approval through an application that includes security assessments, partnership disclosures, and offset undertakings. The SSB also manages grant incentives and investment support for R&amp;D projects and localization initiatives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4.2 Ministry of Trade \u2013 Export Controls and Customs Oversight<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Ministry of Trade<\/strong> administers T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s compliance with international arms control regimes, including the <strong>Wassenaar Arrangement<\/strong> and <strong>Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)<\/strong>. Its key functions include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Issuing import and export licenses for controlled military and dual-use goods;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Managing customs compliance for both inward and outward defence shipments;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Coordinating with international partners on <strong>end-use verification<\/strong>, transit permits, and re-export authorizations.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This Ministry also handles <strong>post-clearance audits<\/strong> and enforces penalties under the Turkish Customs Code and related regulations in cases of non-compliance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>4.3 TAREKS \u2013 Turkish Export Control Electronic System<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>TAREKS (D\u0131\u015f Ticarette Risk Esasl\u0131 Kontrol Sistemi)<\/strong> is T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s electronic risk-based control and licensing system for defence and dual-use items. It is used for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Registering transactions involving items listed in the <strong>KTL (Control List)<\/strong> based on the Wassenaar and MTCR guidelines;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Processing <strong>export\/import license applications<\/strong>, including documentation like End User Certificates (EUC), Technical Specifications, and Transit Declarations;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Tracking the lifecycle of controlled items from entry to final destination.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>For foreign companies, TAREKS registration is mandatory prior to customs clearance. The process includes risk-based evaluation of the product, its components, origin, and end-use, with embedded interfaces for coordination with the Ministry of National Defence and SSB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>5. Relevant Laws and International Obligations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5.1 Law No. 5201 \u2013 Law on the Supervision of Industrial Enterprises Producing War Weapons<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Law No. 5201 governs the production, import, and export of war weapons, ammunition, and defence equipment in T\u00fcrkiye. It requires any entity involved in these activities to obtain production and trade permits from the Ministry of National Defence, with coordination from the SSB.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Key elements include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Article 3<\/strong>: Prohibits production, assembly, or repair of controlled items without official authorization.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Article 4<\/strong>: Stipulates that all licences can be suspended or revoked in case of national security concerns.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Article 6<\/strong>: Requires registration in a national manufacturer registry and mandates facility and personnel security clearances.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Article 10<\/strong>: Empowers authorities to audit the entire production and export lifecycle for compliance.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Non-compliance can result in criminal penalties under Turkish Penal Code and administrative sanctions including revocation of licenses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5.2 International Commitments: Wassenaar and MTCR<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye is a full participant in both the <strong>Wassenaar Arrangement (WA)<\/strong> and the <strong>Missile Technology Control Regime (MTCR)<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Under WA, T\u00fcrkiye enforces controls on conventional arms and dual-use goods through the <strong>KTL 2023 List<\/strong>, aligned with the Wassenaar Munitions List and Dual-Use Goods List.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Under MTCR, T\u00fcrkiye controls all missile-related equipment, components, and production technologies. Items are classified into <strong>Category I<\/strong> (e.g., complete missile systems over 300 km range and 500 kg payload) and <strong>Category II<\/strong> (e.g., propulsion, avionics, guidance) with licensing restricted accordingly.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Violations of these regimes can trigger not only domestic penalties but also result in diplomatic consequences, including blacklisting under EU or US sanction frameworks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>5.3 US ITAR\/EAR, EU Dual-Use Regulations, and NATO Standards<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Foreign companies bringing components or know-how into T\u00fcrkiye must navigate overlapping regimes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>US ITAR\/EAR<\/strong>: The presence of US-origin components or data triggers compliance with the US International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR) or Export Administration Regulations (EAR). These regimes impose <strong>re-export license obligations<\/strong>, even for third-party transfers within T\u00fcrkiye.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>EU Dual-Use Regulation (EU 2021\/821)<\/strong>: T\u00fcrkiye mirrors many aspects of this regulation in its export controls, particularly for software, electronics, and cryptographic goods.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>NATO Standards<\/strong>: T\u00fcrkiye enforces NATO interoperability and classification protocols. Any project involving NATO-sensitive equipment or technology must follow AQAP (Allied Quality Assurance Publications) and may require NATO-level clearances for facilities and personnel.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>These obligations operate concurrently with Turkish domestic laws. Therefore, compliance planning must ensure no contradictions across regimes, especially in programs involving international co-development or offset obligations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>6. Market Entry Considerations for Foreign Entities<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6.1 Licensing and Investment Restrictions<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Foreign companies entering T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s defence sector are subject to layered regulatory controls. Key among them is the <strong>SSB\u2019s prior approval<\/strong> for any direct investment, production partnership, or technology collaboration involving controlled military goods.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Licensing restrictions include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Production Permits<\/strong>: Required under Law No. 5201, granted by the Ministry of National Defence in consultation with SSB. The permit covers both facility and personnel eligibility based on security assessments.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Shareholding Caps<\/strong>: Although T\u00fcrkiye allows foreign equity in defence ventures, <strong>strategic platforms like missiles or encrypted systems<\/strong> typically impose a <strong>49% foreign ownership ceiling<\/strong> to ensure Turkish control, in line with national security policies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Activity Restrictions<\/strong>: Foreign entities may not independently produce or export ammunition or missile systems without Turkish partner involvement, and must disclose all foreign-origin components under <strong>TAREKS<\/strong> and international re-export rules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6.2 Joint Venture Structures<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The preferred route for foreign entrants is via <strong>Joint Ventures (JVs)<\/strong> with licensed Turkish defence entities. These partnerships offer regulatory flexibility, access to classified programs, and offset fulfillment mechanisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Typical structures include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Minority foreign ownership (49%)<\/strong> with veto rights on technology control and export compliance;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Management board parity<\/strong> with rotating Turkish chairmanship;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Integration with local defence entities (e.g., ASELSAN, TUSA\u015e, ROKETSAN, or BMC) to leverage existing production licenses and supplier networks.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>SSB plays a central role in vetting the JV structure, reviewing its shareholding, IP rights, licensing terms, and the end-use compliance plan. Approval timelines vary but average <strong>3\u20136 months<\/strong> under standard project review protocols.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>6.3 Offset Obligations and Technology Transfer<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye enforces rigorous <strong>Industrial Participation (IP)<\/strong> and <strong>Offset<\/strong> rules, especially for foreign-led programmes involving strategic systems like missiles, avionics, or ammunition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Requirements include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Offset Ratio<\/strong>: Commonly 50\u201360% of the contract value, covering local sourcing, technology transfer, and training.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Technology Transfer<\/strong>: Foreign partners are expected to localize key elements such as propulsion subassemblies, guidance firmware, or testing infrastructure.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Mandatory Local Content<\/strong>: SSB\u2019s industrialization guidelines specify a minimum percentage of workshare to be conducted by domestic SMEs, often in specialized zones (e.g., Konya Tech Park or Ankara OST\u0130M).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Offset credits are tracked and enforced through contractual KPIs with penalties or milestone delays imposed in cases of non-performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>7. Manufacturing Ammunition &amp; Short\u2011Range Missiles: A Step\u2011by\u2011Step Approach<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7.1 Facility Requirements &amp; Location Analysis<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Establishing a manufacturing facility for ammunition or short-range missile systems in T\u00fcrkiye demands strict compliance with the <strong>MSY 317-2(C) Defence Industry Security Directive<\/strong>, which governs facility security, classified production, and personnel access.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Mandatory requirements include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Tesis G\u00fcvenlik Belgesi (Facility Security Clearance)<\/strong> issued by the Ministry of National Defence after a detailed audit covering physical, electronic, and procedural security systems;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Zoning and Strategic Region Preference<\/strong>: Preferred regions include <strong>Ankara<\/strong>, <strong>Konya<\/strong>, <strong>K\u0131r\u0131kkale<\/strong>, and <strong>Bursa<\/strong>, where access to secure industrial zones, logistics infrastructure, and existing defence supply chains is optimized;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Proximity to Tier-1 contractors<\/strong> like ROKETSAN (missile integration), MKEK (ammunition), or ASELSAN (electronics) is strategically advantageous for compliance and integration.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, facilities producing Category I or II MTCR items (e.g., rocket motors, propellant tanks, staging mechanisms) require SSB registration as a <strong>strategic production site.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7.2 Local Supplier Network &amp; Industrial Base<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s <strong>Kontrole T\u00e2bi Liste (KTL)<\/strong> mandates that strategic components\u2014such as rocket bodies, seekers, warhead mechanisms, and propellants\u2014be sourced from pre-approved domestic manufacturers. Integration into this supply chain necessitates:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Supplier certification audits<\/strong> based on AQAP-2110\/2310 and MIL-STD-810G standards;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Long-term agreements with state-approved entities like <strong>ASP\u0130LSAN<\/strong> (batteries), <strong>MKEK<\/strong> (energetics), or <strong>STM<\/strong> (systems integration);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Participation in <strong>SSB\u2019s cluster programs<\/strong> like SAHA \u0130stanbul and Konya Defence Cluster to access SME subcontractors compliant with Turkish and NATO security protocols.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The supplier network is a critical element of offset performance and localization metrics, with non-compliance impacting project milestone payments and SSB disbursements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>7.3 Certification &amp; Quality Standards (ISO, MIL-STD Equivalents)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All manufacturing activities must adhere to a dual regime of <strong>civilian ISO standards<\/strong> and <strong>military-specific NATO\/MIL-STD requirements<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Mandatory Certifications<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>ISO 9001: Quality Management<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ISO 14001: Environmental Management<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>ISO\/IEC 27001: Information Security<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>AQAP-2110\/2310: NATO Allied Quality Assurance<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Sector-Specific Standards<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>MIL-STD-810G (environmental conditions testing)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>MIL-STD-461 (EMC for electronic systems)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>TS EN 9100 (for aerospace assemblies)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>All quality audits are overseen by SSB\u2019s <strong>Kalite G\u00fcvence Ba\u015fkanl\u0131\u011f\u0131<\/strong>, and compliance must be validated before export licenses, facility permits, or offset milestone approvals can proceed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With this framework in place, T\u00fcrkiye ensures that missile and ammunition manufacturing remains secure, compliant, and integrated with NATO-aligned production ecosystems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>8. Compliance and Export Controls<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8.1 TAREKS Registration and Licensing<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>All defence and dual-use items produced, transferred, or exported from T\u00fcrkiye must be processed through <strong>TAREKS<\/strong> (Risk-Based Control System in Foreign Trade). The TAREKS platform ensures traceability and legal authorization of all movements involving controlled goods listed under the <strong>Kontrole T\u00e2bi Liste (KTL 2023)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Key compliance requirements include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>TAREKS Registration<\/strong>: All foreign and domestic firms involved in controlled activities must register and declare each transaction;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Licence Types<\/strong>: Separate licences are required for <strong>import<\/strong>, <strong>export<\/strong>, <strong>re-export<\/strong>, and <strong>domestic transfer<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Supporting Documentation<\/strong>: Submissions must include the <strong>End User Certificate (EUC)<\/strong>, <strong>technical datasheets<\/strong>, <strong>MTCR\/Wassenaar classification<\/strong>, and <strong>SSB licence approvals<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Failure to obtain prior approval through TAREKS constitutes a violation of Law No. 5201, leading to administrative penalties, customs seizure, and possible criminal prosecution under Article 6 and 10.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8.2 US ITAR\/EAR Implications and Re\u2011Export Rules<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If a production program involves any <strong>US-origin components, software, or technical data<\/strong>, the US <strong>International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR)<\/strong> and <strong>Export Administration Regulations (EAR)<\/strong> apply, even within T\u00fcrkiye.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Critical implications:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>ITAR Licensing<\/strong>: Re-export or third-party integration of US-origin missile subsystems (e.g., seekers, warheads, inertial navigation) requires a US Department of State DDTC license, irrespective of Turkish approvals.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>EAR Controls<\/strong>: Dual-use items (such as GPS modules or encryption chips) may be subject to EAR, requiring BIS authorization.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>TAREKS-ITAR Coordination<\/strong>: Turkish authorities require ITAR licensing evidence before issuing TAREKS export permits, particularly for missile or UAV systems.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This overlapping jurisdiction demands legal due diligence to avoid <strong>re-export violations<\/strong>, which could result in both Turkish and US penalties.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>8.3 Third\u2011Party Audit and Corporate Governance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>SSB mandates robust <strong>internal compliance systems<\/strong> and third-party audits for all projects involving sensitive technologies or offset credits:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Offset Compliance Audits<\/strong>: Foreign JV partners must maintain detailed records of local procurement, R&amp;D investment, and technology transfers, subject to annual SSB review;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Corporate Governance Requirements<\/strong>: Firms must appoint a <strong>Compliance Officer<\/strong>, maintain an <strong>Export Control Compliance Program (ECCP)<\/strong>, and establish <strong>internal training programs<\/strong> on Turkish law, ITAR, MTCR, and Wassenaar guidelines;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>CE Certification and Product Testing<\/strong>: Civil-use dual-use goods may also require conformity with CE marking rules, subject to Turkish Standards Institution (TSE) oversight.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Failing a compliance audit may result in project delays, suspension of milestone payments, or withdrawal of licences.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>9. Risk Management &amp; Security Considerations<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9.1 Cybersecurity and Facility Perimeter Controls<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Facilities involved in missile or ammunition production are classified as <strong>Strategic Defence Facilities<\/strong> and are required to comply with T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s <strong>MSY 317-2(C) Directive on Defence Industry Security<\/strong>, which defines cyber and perimeter protection protocols for classified operations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Key obligations include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>CIS-D\/K Framework<\/strong>: The cybersecurity module of the MSY directive mandates compliance with secure architecture standards, intrusion detection systems, and encryption protocols for networks handling classified data.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>System Hardening and Air-Gapping<\/strong>: Classified design and production systems must be isolated from public internet access, with physical and logical segmentation of IT systems managing NATO-classified material.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Audit Logs and Incident Reporting<\/strong>: Firms are required to maintain digital forensic logs and submit breach or anomaly reports to the Ministry of National Defence within 24 hours.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, <strong>export-controlled software and firmware<\/strong> must be locked via hash verification or hardware-based authentication to prevent unauthorized replication or transfer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>9.2 Physical Security, Personnel Vetting, and Classified Data<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Access to sensitive facilities and programs is tightly regulated. The <strong>\u015eah\u0131s G\u00fcvenlik Belgesi (Personnel Security Clearance)<\/strong> is a prerequisite for employees handling or accessing any classified material.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Requirements include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>National and NATO Clearance Levels<\/strong>: Individuals must be vetted through military intelligence screening, including background checks, financial investigations, and biometric verification. NATO SECRET or higher clearance may be required for certain joint projects.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Access Control Measures<\/strong>: Physical site security includes:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Dual-factor access at all perimeter and internal zones;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>24\/7 armed guards and biometric surveillance systems;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Compartmentalization of high-value zones, such as warhead integration lines or crypto modules.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Classified Data Handling Protocols<\/strong>:\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>No unauthorized recording or digital transmission of restricted data;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>All portable storage devices must be government-issued and encrypted;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Destruction of obsolete classified materials must follow military protocols, including witness logs and verification certificates.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Personnel and facility clearances can take <strong>3 to 9 months<\/strong>, and must be maintained through periodic re-validation. Foreign employees may only be cleared on a case-by-case basis, often requiring additional diplomatic coordination.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>10. Incentives, Grants &amp; Public\u2011Private Collaboration<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10.1 Government Support Programs (SSB Incentives)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s Defence Industry Agency (SSB) actively supports foreign and domestic partnerships through structured financial and non-financial incentive programs. These initiatives are rooted in the <strong>Industrial Participation and Offset Guidelines<\/strong> and aim to build domestic capacity in critical technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Available instruments include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>R&amp;D Grants<\/strong>: Up to 75% of eligible project costs may be reimbursed for defence-focused R&amp;D, especially in areas such as propulsion, warhead design, autonomous systems, and seeker technologies.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Tax Exemptions<\/strong>: Corporate tax, customs duties, and VAT exemptions are available for approved defence investments under <strong>Technology Development Zones (TDZs)<\/strong> or <strong>Organized Industrial Zones (OIZs)<\/strong>.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Capital Injection<\/strong>: For projects aligned with national strategic goals (e.g., missile propulsion, aerospace composites), the SSB may directly inject capital via its investment arm or co-financing models with the Turkish Wealth Fund.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Eligibility is subject to the partner\u2019s offset performance, local content ratio, and intellectual property contribution. All grant and incentive agreements are legally binding and monitored under Law No. 5202.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>10.2 R&amp;D Funding &amp; T\u00dcB\u0130TAK Partnerships<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <strong>Scientific and Technological Research Council of T\u00fcrkiye (T\u00dcB\u0130TAK)<\/strong> plays a pivotal role in advancing dual-use and military technologies through its targeted grant programs and collaborative platforms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Key channels include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>TEYDEB Defence Calls<\/strong>: R&amp;D support programs co-financing development of advanced sensors, guidance algorithms, material sciences, and energetic compounds.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>T\u00dcB\u0130TAK-SAGE Collaboration<\/strong>: Foreign firms engaged in joint development with Turkish universities or SAGE (Defence Industries Research and Development Institute) can access prototype testing, wind tunnel facilities, and materials validation labs.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>University-Industry Cooperation Projects<\/strong>: T\u00dcB\u0130TAK funds joint research with designated \u201cCentre of Excellence\u201d universities, such as ITU and METU, with a focus on knowledge transfer and early-stage tech development.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Participation in these programs not only provides funding but also accelerates the fulfilment of <strong>offset obligations<\/strong> under SSB programs, especially those related to technology transfer and SME engagement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>11. Case Study: Sample JV for Missile Assembly<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11.1 Partner Selection and Equity Splits<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Establishing a successful missile assembly joint venture (JV) in T\u00fcrkiye requires strategic alignment with both regulatory and operational expectations. Based on precedent structures and SSB preferences, a compliant JV typically includes:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Foreign Partner<\/strong>: A missile technology provider (e.g., propulsion, seekers, or warhead design) contributes capital, IP, and technical know-how;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Turkish Partner<\/strong>: A Tier-1 licensed integrator such as ROKETSAN or MKEK ensures local facility clearance, project credentials, and access to supplier networks;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Equity Structure<\/strong>: Usually 49% foreign and 51% Turkish to preserve control in line with national security protocols and offset requirements.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This structure ensures both <strong>export control alignment<\/strong> (particularly with ITAR and MTCR rules) and <strong>offset credit eligibility<\/strong>, while granting the foreign partner operational influence within a controlled governance model.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11.2 Licensing Path and Key Milestones<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The lifecycle of JV establishment and missile production licensing in T\u00fcrkiye generally follows a defined timeline:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol start=\"1\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Month 0\u20133<\/strong>: Legal establishment of JV company, notarization of Articles of Association, and initial capital deposit;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Month 3\u20136<\/strong>: Submission of production licence request under Law No. 5201 to MSB and SSB, along with security clearance applications for the facility and designated personnel;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Month 6\u201318<\/strong>: Facility preparation, audits under MSY 317-2(C), and AQAP\/MIL-STD qualification;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Month 18\u201324<\/strong>: Application for TAREKS export licences, ITAR or EAR re-export licensing (if applicable), and internal compliance certification.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>Key regulatory checkpoints include:<br>\u2013 <strong>Tesis G\u00fcvenlik Belgesi (Facility Clearance)<\/strong><br>\u2013 <strong>\u015eah\u0131s G\u00fcvenlik Belgeleri (Personnel Clearances)<\/strong><br>\u2013 <strong>Offset Compliance Plan Approval by SSB<\/strong><br>\u2013 <strong>Dual-use and military export permit issuance via TAREKS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Delays are typically encountered during clearance stages or in foreign-origin component licensing, especially when US-origin technologies are involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>11.3 Financial Structuring and Offset Planning<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Financing a missile JV involves a blend of equity, local debt, and public funding. A common breakdown may include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Foreign Capital Injection<\/strong>: Covers production equipment, IP valuation, and software integration costs;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Turkish Capital Match<\/strong>: Covers infrastructure, personnel, and local component procurement;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>Local Financing<\/strong>: Banks like Vak\u0131f Kat\u0131l\u0131m and T\u00fcrk Eximbank provide export-linked credit lines for defence projects.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Offset planning must be integrated from the outset. Key elements include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><strong>Local Sourcing Ratio<\/strong>: Often targeted at \u226560% over the first five years;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>R&amp;D Spend<\/strong>: A portion of the investment (e.g., 5\u201310%) is earmarked for collaboration with T\u00dcB\u0130TAK or Turkish defence universities;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><strong>SME Engagement<\/strong>: The JV must subcontract part of its supply chain to licensed local SMEs, supporting regional industrial development in alignment with SSB\u2019s nationalization agenda.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Offset performance is monitored through milestone-based reporting, with financial disbursements tied to compliance metrics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>12. Common Pitfalls &amp; Mitigation Strategies<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12.1 Regulatory Delays<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Challenge<\/strong>: The defence regulatory landscape in T\u00fcrkiye involves multiple authorities\u2014SSB, MSB, Ministry of Trade, and TAREKS\u2014each with layered approval processes. Delays often arise in:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Facility and personnel security clearances (average 3\u20139 months);<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Licensing of foreign-origin components subject to ITAR or MTCR restrictions;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Offset approval cycles due to documentation or performance shortfalls.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mitigation<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Engage early with the SSB using a local legal advisor to conduct <strong>pre-application consultations<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Prepare dual-language documentation compliant with MSY 317-2(C), Law No. 5201, and TAREKS standards;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Submit consolidated licensing and offset documents to streamline agency reviews.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Advance communication and procedural alignment can shorten approval windows and prevent bottlenecks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12.2 Cultural and Language Barriers<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Challenge<\/strong>: Legal, technical, and project documentation in T\u00fcrkiye must be in Turkish, and regulatory proceedings require native language proficiency. Misinterpretation can lead to delays or regulatory non-conformity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mitigation<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Retain <strong>Turkish-qualified counsel<\/strong> with experience in defence compliance and export controls;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Ensure all contracts, facility applications, and technical documents are <strong>bilingual (Turkish-English)<\/strong> and notarized;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Appoint a <strong>local compliance officer<\/strong> fluent in both languages to oversee daily interface with government stakeholders.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>This ensures smooth communications with SSB, MSB, T\u00dcB\u0130TAK, and customs authorities, particularly in classified or multi-agency projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>12.3 Supply Chain Dependency<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Challenge<\/strong>: Over-reliance on a single local supplier or foreign component source may create <strong>program delays<\/strong> due to licensing blocks, embargoes, or local capacity limits\u2014especially in critical areas like guidance electronics or energetics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Mitigation<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Diversify your supplier base by mapping <strong>Tier-2 and Tier-3 suppliers<\/strong> listed in the KTL-compliant ecosystem;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Invest in <strong>local capability development<\/strong>\u2014including joint manufacturing or technology licensing of subcomponents;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Utilize SSB\u2019s <strong>cluster programs<\/strong> (e.g., SAHA Istanbul, Konya Defence Industry Cluster) to access vetted SMEs and accelerate qualification.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Supply resilience is not only a compliance factor but also impacts offset credit and project delivery schedules.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>13. Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s defence and aerospace industry offers a strategically vital, highly structured, and technologically evolving platform for foreign participants. From missiles and munitions to UAVs and encrypted systems, the country&#8217;s industrial base is no longer peripheral\u2014it is now central to NATO interoperability, regional deterrence, and indigenous innovation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, this opportunity is framed by a comprehensive and strictly enforced legal and regulatory regime. Laws No. 5201 and 5202, the MSY 317-2(C) Security Directive, TAREKS licensing, and T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s obligations under Wassenaar and MTCR\u2014together create a legal ecosystem where <strong>compliance is not optional but foundational<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Foreign firms that succeed in T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s defence sector share several traits:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>They enter via <strong>joint ventures<\/strong> with trusted, licensed Turkish partners;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They treat <strong>offset obligations and technology transfer<\/strong> not as burdens, but as pathways to market integration;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>They invest early in <strong>personnel vetting, facility security, and internal compliance programs<\/strong>;<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>And they view T\u00fcrkiye not just as a market, but as a <strong>production base for NATO-aligned, ITAR-conscious exports<\/strong>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In conclusion, T\u00fcrkiye presents a high-reward defence market\u2014provided that foreign entrants embrace its sovereign defence doctrine, regulatory rigor, and strategic industrial policy. Navigating this framework requires expertise, patience, and a robust legal and compliance architecture.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-medium-font-size\"><strong>14. FAQs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q1: Is 100% foreign ownership allowed in missile manufacturing in T\u00fcrkiye?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> No. For strategic platforms such as missiles and munitions, foreign equity is typically limited to <strong>49%<\/strong>, with a mandatory Turkish majority partner to maintain sovereign control and align with national security policies as governed by Law No. 5201 and SSB requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q2: How long does TAREKS approval take for defence exports?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> For domestic transfers, approvals generally take <strong>1\u20133 months<\/strong>. For exports or imports involving dual-use or military items\u2014particularly where ITAR or MTCR components are present\u2014approvals may extend to <strong>3\u20136 months<\/strong>, depending on item sensitivity and documentation accuracy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q3: Can foreign entities export defence products from T\u00fcrkiye to NATO allies?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Yes, but only with <strong>SSB export approval<\/strong> and full <strong>TAREKS licensing<\/strong>. Re-exports must comply with origin-country restrictions (e.g., ITAR) and must avoid violations such as incorporating embargoed content or transiting prohibited countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q4: Are there tax or financial incentives available to foreign defence investors?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Yes. T\u00fcrkiye offers <strong>corporate tax exemptions<\/strong>, <strong>customs duty waivers<\/strong>, and <strong>R&amp;D grants (up to 75%)<\/strong> through SSB and T\u00dcB\u0130TAK. Additional benefits may apply for facilities located in <strong>Technology Development Zones<\/strong> or <strong>Organized Industrial Zones<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Q5: Are Turkish employees mandatory in foreign-led defence projects?<\/strong><br><strong>A:<\/strong> Yes. All licensed defence activities must meet <strong>localization quotas<\/strong>\u2014including Turkish nationals for production, engineering, security, and administrative roles. This aligns with offset compliance and enhances eligibility for SSB incentives.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity\"\/>\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. Introduction T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s defence industry has undergone transformative growth in the last two decades. Once largely dependent on foreign procurement, &#8230; <a title=\"Understanding T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s Military Industrial Complex: A Practical Guide for Foreign Stakeholders\" class=\"read-more\" href=\"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/explore\/turkiye-military-industrial-guide\/\" aria-label=\"Read more about Understanding T\u00fcrkiye\u2019s Military Industrial Complex: A Practical Guide for Foreign Stakeholders\">Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":7912,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[24,21,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-7911","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-savunma-sanayi-ve-guvenlik","category-homeland-security","category-industrial-cooperation","masonry-post","generate-columns","tablet-grid-50","mobile-grid-100","grid-parent","grid-33"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7911","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7911"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7911\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7922,"href":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/7911\/revisions\/7922"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7912"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7911"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=7911"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/herdemlaw.com\/en-us\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=7911"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}